Interval Estimation Approach to Counting by Weighing: A Sequential Scheme

Abstract

Considerable time and energy involved in complete counting of large, but pre-specified, batch of N _s items could be saved by using weights of items. This article considers the case when the underlying distribution of weights, and its mean and variance are unknown. The problem is then reduced to that of finding an estimator of the mean and an optimal (small) sample size based on which a number [Ncirc] _n of items in the batch can be determined. Using a fixed-width interval criterion, Nickerson [Nickerson, D.M. Another look at counting by weighing. Commun. Statist. Simula. 1993, 22 (2), 323–343] derived an optimal sample size, but it depends on the unknown coefficient of variation. For this case, we propose a batch-type sequential sampling scheme which requires substantially fewer sampling operations and no prior knowledge of the coefficient of variation, but performs as well as Nickerson's and other available procedures in the literature. This shows that a little bit of sampling using substantially fewer sampling operations can significantly reduce the effort of complete counting.     

Effect of Polyelectrolyte Conditioning and Voltages on Fractionation of Macro and Trace Metals due to Sludge Electro-Dewatering

The purpose of this laboratory study was to investigate the simultaneous impacts of the electro-dewatering process on dry solids (DS) content and mobilization of metals in sewage sludge. The results suggested that the use of polyelectrolytes is necessary in mechanical pressure-driven dewatering and also in electro-dewatering. With polyelectrolyte conditioning, the DS content in the final sludge cake could be increased to 39%. Dewatering with slightly cationic polymer was not effective, but medium, strongly and very strongly cationic polymers performed equally. During electro-dewatering, an increase of voltage from 10 to 40 V resulted in a dryer sludge cake. Polyelectrolyte addition reduced the content of exchangeable metal species and increased less mobile, reducible species in the sludge. Furthermore, the more stable or immobile metal fractions were more likely to remain intact in dewatered sludge. Among heavy metals, Cu and Pb were immobile but Cr, Co, Ni, and Zn could more easily be mobilized during electro-dewatering. The application of high voltage had a direct effect on the migration of metal fractions, whereas, the sludge conditioning by a different cationic polymer had an indirect effect on the migration of these metals during electro-dewatering.     

Temporal presentation protocols in stereoscopic displays: Flicker visibility, perceived motion, and perceived depth

Most stereoscopic displays rely on field-sequential presentation to present different images to the left and right eyes. With sequential presentation, images are delivered to each eye in alternation with dark intervals, and each eye receives its images in counter phase with the other eye. This type of presentation can exacerbate image artifacts including flicker, and the appearance of unsmooth motion. To address the flicker problem, some methods repeat images multiple times before updating to new ones. This greatly reduces flicker visibility, but makes motion appear less smooth. This paper describes an investigation of how different presentation methods affect the visibility of flicker, motion artifacts, and distortions in perceived depth. It begins with an examination of these methods in the spatio-temporal frequency domain. From this examination, it describes a series of predictions for how presentation rate, object speed, simultaneity of image delivery to the two eyes, and other properties ought to affect flicker, motion artifacts, and depth distortions, and reports a series of experiments that tested these predictions. The results confirmed essentially all of the predictions. The paper concludes with a summary and series of recommendations for the best approach to minimize these undesirable effects.     

彩超顺序分段分析法对矫正型大动脉转位的诊断价值

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图顺序分段分析法对矫正型大动脉转位（CTGA）的诊断价值。方法对11例 CTGA 患者采用彩色多普勒超声心动图顺序分段分析法判定心脏位置、连接关系及心内结构、功能和血流信号的变化。结果11例 CTGA 患者中,彩色多普勒超声心动图顺序分段分析法对 CTGA 的诊断符合率达100．0％（11/11）。SLL 型（心脏位置正常）9例（81．8％）,IDD 型（镜面右位心）2例（18．1％）。SLL 型合并室间隔缺损9例、合并肺动脉狭窄7例和合并解剖三尖瓣中度反流8例;合并房间隔缺损4例,其中 SLL 型3例,IDD 型1例;IDD 型合并室间隔缺损、肺动脉狭窄和解剖三尖瓣中度反流1例。均经手术证实。结论CTGA 的超声表现错综复杂,心房与心室连接不一致和心室与大动脉连接不一致是诊断 CTGA 的关键,运用其特征性能有效提高诊断符合率,部分替代心血管造影等检查,为心胸外科提供重要的诊断依据。     

六盘山盆地海参1井层序地层学分析

从海参1井钻井剖面出发,建立六盘山盆地中新生代层序地层格架。在海参1井钻井剖面上识别出二级层序界面1个:SB1Ⅱ(下第三系寺口子组底面);三级层序界面3个:SB1Ⅲ1(下白垩统底面),SB1Ⅲ2(马东山组底面)和SB1Ⅲ3(上第三系甘肃群底面);划分出2个超层序、5个Ⅲ级层序。     

顺序控制的矿井直流提升机谐波电流分析

双桥串联顺序控制的晶闸管变流器给电网带来不容忽视的谐波危害.通过实际测试和理论分析,阐述了这种变流器工作在不同触发角下,网侧的输入电流、基波电流、谐波电流、谐波总畸变率Di变化的规律,得出两桥变流器的触发角相差30°时与同步控制相比,谐波增加近一倍的重要结论,并针对矿井直流提升机的运行工况提出了减小谐波的控制策略.     

变信赖域序列凸规划RLV再入轨迹在线重构

针对可重复使用运载器（RLV）的再入轨迹重构问题,提出一种基于变信赖域序列凸规划的RLV再入轨迹快速求解方法. 首先,通过离散化及对非凸约束的线性化处理,将RLV的非凸轨迹优化问题转换为凸优化问题,然后通过序列凸规划方法对凸优化问题进行求解. 在序列凸规划求解过程的初始迭代中,采用预测校正算法对初值猜测轨迹进行设计,确定轨迹求解的终端时间;在后续迭代过程中,设计基于优化性能指标的信赖域更新策略,提升算法的收敛性能. 在轨迹快速求解方法的基础上,考虑RLV再入过程中可能发生的突发事件,如实际轨迹大幅度偏离参考轨迹或目标点变更,基于变化的初值约束及终端约束在线重构轨迹,并结合重构轨迹和LQR（Linear quadratic regulator）方法设计再入制导律实现对重构轨迹的有效跟踪. 最后,将此设计方法与Gauss伪谱法及传统序列凸规划算法进行仿真对比验证. 仿真结果表明:变信赖域序列凸规划方法相较于伪谱法和传统的序列凸规划方法在轨迹求解实时性及收敛性方面有较大的提升,具备应用于轨迹在线重构的能力,此外,所提出的轨迹在线重构方法具备良好的鲁棒性以及抗扰性.     

一种改进的无人机序列影像快速拼接方法研究

为了实现无人机序列影像无缝拼接,根据无人机序列影像的航带排布特性,提出用分块阈值自适应调节法改进了SURF算法。探讨了应用改进SURF算法对无人机序列影像进行快速拼接的步骤,并通过实验对该拼接方法进行验证。     

STUDY ON PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPERATION REGULARITY OF FULLY MECHANIZED SUBLEVEL CAVING MINING AND SEQUENTIAL OPERATION

Sublevelcavingminingisakindofefficientmethodofunstableseammining,whichhaslotsofevidentadvantagessuchashighproduction,highefficiencyandlowcostpertonandsoon.Inrecentyears,manyauthorsathomeandabroadhavealreadydonealargenumberofworkaboutcavingmechanism,activityregularity,roofbehaviour.However,thefullymechanizedsublevelcavingmininghasacomp1icatedproductionsystemandmanysequences,currentoutputissomewhatlowandlatentcapacitycannotbebroughtintofullplay.ThefullymechanizedsublevelcavingminingfaceinLiujial…     

An optimal sequential preventive maintenance policy under stochastic maintenance quality

This paper presents a sequential imperfect preventive maintenance policy for a degradation system. Two kinds of activity, called continuous preventive maintenance (PM) and minimal repair, are simultaneously considered when arranging discrete imperfect preventive maintenance schedules. In order to obtain the maximum benefit in a finite lifetime, an expected benefit model is formulated based on maximal/equal cumulative-hazard rate constraints, and the optimal PM intervals are obtained using a genetic algorithm (GA). It is usually difficult to determine fixed maintenance quality after performing maintenance activities. This problem is addressed in the present paper by assuming that the reduction factor is a stochastic variable following probability distributions at fixed times. It is more rational to describe the fluctuation and trend of quality of discrete preventive maintenance during a lifetime; this makes optimisation results more robust and insensitive to the randomness of the crucial parameters in imperfect PM models. A numerical case is presented to illustrate the proposed model and some discussions are summarised.